{"id":3374,"date":"2023-03-09T18:03:15","date_gmt":"2023-03-09T17:03:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cbrell.de\/blog\/?p=3374"},"modified":"2023-03-11T23:49:37","modified_gmt":"2023-03-11T22:49:37","slug":"temperaturregulation-bei-honigbienen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cbrell.de\/blog\/temperaturregulation-bei-honigbienen\/","title":{"rendered":"Temperaturregulation bei Honigbienen"},"content":{"rendered":"

Honigbienen (und andere staatenbildende Hautfl\u00fcgler) zeigen ein Temperaturregulationsverm\u00f6gen, das an S\u00e4ugetiere erinnert. Die Temperaturregulation bei Honigbienen f\u00fchrt z.B. zu einer fast konstanten Brutnesttemperatur um 35\u00b0C.<\/em><\/p>\n

11.03.2023<\/p>\n

Die Honigbiene (Apis mellifera) zeigt eine ausgepr\u00e4gte Regulation des Nestklimas (Seeley 1995; Stabentheiner et al. 2003a). Die gleichbleibende Temperatur des Bienenvolkes ist besonders wichtig f\u00fcr die Brut (Bujok et al. 2002; Kleinhenz et al. 2003; Stabentheiner et al. 2010), da Honigbienenlarven und vor allem -puppen nur in einem engen Temperaturbereich gesund \u00fcberleben k\u00f6nnen (Tautz et al. 2003; Groh et al. 2004; Petz et al. 2004; Jones et al. 2005; Becher et al. 2009). Eine Brutnesttemperatur von 32-36 \u00b0C bewirkt eine hohe und konstante Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit (Petz et al. 2004).<\/p>\n

Bienenlarven ben\u00f6tigen eine konstante Brutnesttemperatur zwischen 32\u00b0C (Becher et al. 2009) und 37\u00b0C (Fahrenholz et al. 1989), um sich zu gesunden Bienen entwickeln zu k\u00f6nnen. Die Schwankungen der Brutnesttemperatur liegen zwischen 1\u00b0C (Seeley 1995) und 2\u00b0C (Fahrenholz et al., 1989).<\/p>\n

Dementsprechend ist die Genauigkeit der Thermoregulation bei Vorhandensein von Brut hoch, w\u00e4hrend sie in V\u00f6lkern ohne Brut viel variabler und auch insgesamt niedriger ist. (Bujok et al. 2002; Kleinhenz et al. 2003; Stabentheiner et al. 2010). W\u00e4hrend Eier und Larven in offenen Brutzellen f\u00fcr einige Zeit auch etwas niedrigere Temperaturen ertragen k\u00f6nnen, sind die Puppen in verdeckelten Brutzellen empfindlich gegen\u00fcber Abk\u00fchlung. Wenn Puppen zu lange Temperaturen unter 32 \u00b0C ausgesetzt sind, kommt es\u00a0 zu Missbildungen an Fl\u00fcgeln, Beinen und Abdomen (Himmer 1932). Auch adulte Bienen k\u00f6nnen unter Verhaltens- und Nervenst\u00f6rungen leiden, wenn die Temperatur bei der Entwicklung zu niedrig war (Tautz et al. 2003; Groh et al. 2004; Jones et al. 2005; Becher et al. 2009), aber auch zu hoch (Medina et al. 2018; McAfee et al. 2020). Der Brut kann selbst nicht genug W\u00e4rme produzieren (Petz et al. 2004), daher w\u00e4rme die\u00a0 Arbeitsbienen das Brutnest (Bujok et al. 2002; Kleinhenz et al. 2003; Stabentheiner et al. 2010). Das W\u00e4rmeverhalten wird durch chemische und taktile Reize der Brut ausgel\u00f6st, dabei scheinen verdeckelte Zellen attraktiver\u00a0 als offene Zellen (Koeniger 1978).<\/p>\n

Die Bienenk\u00f6nigin braucht eine Temperatur von \u00fcber 15\u00b0C (McAffee et. al. 2020). Die ben\u00f6tigte W\u00e4rme erzeugen die Bienen durch die Vibration ihrer Flugmuskulatur, ohne dabei die Fl\u00fcgel zu bewegen. Diese Vibration der Flugmuskulatur erzeugt Luftschall im h\u00f6rbaren Bereich von etwa 240 Hz.<\/p>\n

Mit der Haltung in k\u00fcnstlichen Behausungen k\u00f6nnen Honigbienen bei starker Sonneneinstrahlung in Temperaturstress geraten (Seeley & Morse 1976). Bei zu hohen Temperaturen kommt es zu Brutsch\u00e4den, auch die Stabilit\u00e4t des Wabenwerks ist gef\u00e4hrdet (Stabentheiner et. al. 2021). Ab 38\u00b0C nimmt zudem die Lebensf\u00e4higkeit der in der begatteten K\u00f6nigin gespeicherten Spermien ab (McAffee et. al. 2020).<\/p>\n

Steigen die Temperaturen im Bienenstock \u00fcber 36\u00b0C, beginnen Bienen mit einem aktiven K\u00fchlverhalten. Im ersten Schritt versammeln sich F\u00e4chlerinnen am Einflugloch und versuchen, die warme Luft mit Fl\u00fcgelschlag aus dem Stock zu transportieren (Tautz 2016). Gen\u00fcgt das Ventilieren alleine nicht, holen Sammlerinnen Wasser, verteilen es auf dem Wabenwerk und k\u00fchlen zus\u00e4tzlich durch Verdunstung des Wassers. Die Vibrationen der Flugmuskulatur und der Fl\u00fcgel beim Ventilieren erzeugt Luftschall im h\u00f6rbaren Bereich mit einer Frequenz von etwa 190 Hz (Woods 1957).<\/p>\n

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Teile diesen Beitrag.<\/div>